29 January 2019 - Event
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Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or function of the highest element (i.e., including antennae, flagpoles, signage and other functional-technical equipment).
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the highest occupied floor within the building.
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
The number of floors below ground should include all major floors located below the ground floor level.
The current legal building name.
A complex is a group of buildings which are designed and built as pieces of a greater development.
CTBUH collects data on two major types of tall structures: 'Buildings' and 'Telecommunications / Observation Towers.' A 'Building' is a structure where at least 50% of the height is occupied by usable floor area. A 'Telecommunications / Observation Tower' is a structure where less than 50% of the structure's height is occupied by usable floor area. Only 'Buildings' are eligible for the CTBUH 'Tallest Buildings' lists.
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of Country, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of City, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85% or more of its usable floor area is dedicated to a single usage. Thus a building with 90% office floor area would be said to be an "office" building, irrespective of other minor functions it may also contain.
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (or uses), where each of the functions occupy a significant proportion of the tower's total space. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on CTBUH "Tallest Building" lists in descending order, e.g., "hotel/office" indicates hotel function above office function.
Steel
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from steel. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered a “steel” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.
Reinforced Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars.
Precast Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning system are constructed from steel reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and assembled together on-site.
Mixed-Structure
Utilizes distinct systems (e.g. steel, concrete, timber), one on top of the other. For example, a steel/concrete indicates a steel structural system located on top of a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of concrete/steel.
Composite
A combination of materials (e.g. steel, concrete, timber) are used together in the main structural elements. Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor system of reinforced concrete beams; a steel frame system with a concrete core; concrete-encased steel columns; concrete-filled steel tubes; etc. Where known, the CTBUH database breaks out the materials used in a composite building’s core, columns, and floor spanning separately.
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
The number of floors below ground should include all major floors located below the ground floor level.
Tower GFA refers to the total gross floor area within the tower footprint, not including adjoining podiums, connected buildings or other towers within the development.
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Façade Maintenance
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Paint/Coating
29 January 2019 - Event
12 December 2018 - CTBUH News
18 October 2016 | Shenzhen
Tuesday October 18, 2016. Shenzhen, China. Marianne Kwok of Kohn Pedersen Fox, presents at the 2016 China Conference Session 7b: Shenzhen Bay Development. Research and...
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The One Shenzhen Bay master plan is located on reclaimed land that did not exist prior to 2005, in the newly created district of Houhai across Shenzhen Bay from the city’s central business district. The development is unique in that, unlike many recent master plans in China, all towers are pushed to the perimeter of the site in order to surround an open public park space. The intentions behind this are multiple – the towers border the street, creating an urban street wall. The massing simultaneously encourages a more pedestrian experience – both on the street side, and within the site as building users are encouraged to leave the building to experience the outdoor space.
One Shenzhen Bay Tower 7, located on the southern-most edge of the development, rises above the other structures in the master plan, and dominates its nearby surroundings. Designed as a mixed-use building, the tower’s architecture reflects the varying programs found within. The building’s form narrows as it moves upward, with larger floor plates accommodating office space making way for smaller floor plates at the top of structure for condominiums. For residential units, all primary living spaces face east, with secondary programming such as kitchens and maids’ rooms facing west.
The building also features multiple efficient components. High-reflectivity glass optimizes energy performance, while fins on the east and west façades provide sun shading. Horizontal projections on the north and south façades mitigate solar gain and integrate a safe alternative to operable windows for natural ventilation in a tall tower. Wherever possible, greenery has been added throughout to the structure. Additionally, all construction materials are produced or manufactured in Southern China in order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation.
18 October 2016 | Shenzhen
Tuesday October 18, 2016. Shenzhen, China. Marianne Kwok of Kohn Pedersen Fox, presents at the 2016 China Conference Session 7b: Shenzhen Bay Development. Research and...
18 October 2016 | Shenzhen
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18 October 2016 | Shenzhen
Tuesday, October 18, 2016. Shenzhen, China. Kui Zhuang, CCDI Group; Chongguang Xu, Shenzhen Municipal Government; Hang Xu, Parkland Real Estate Development Co, Ltd, Maianne Kwok,...
17 October 2016 | Shenzhen
Hang Xu of Parkland Real Estate Development Company is interviewed by Chris Bentley during the 2016 CTBUH China Conference. Hang discusses the design process of...
28 October 2019
In the past 50 years, tall buildings and their relationship to streets and open spaces has evolved through various scales and typologies. As place-makers, how...
29 July 2019
Since humans first began constructing tall buildings, history has been cluttered with claims of all manner of “highest” records. In this study, we examine those...
12 December 2018
The astronomical growth in tall building construction observed over the past decade continued in 2018, though the total number of completed buildings of 200 meters’...
17 October 2016
The CTBUH 2016 International Conference is being held in the three cities of the Pearl River Delta, the world’s largest “megacity,” projected to have 120...
17 October 2016
Today’s super high-rise buildings not only present the height of buildings, but also play more important roles of integrating into the development of cities, coexisting...
29 January 2019
One Shenzhen Bay Tower 7 in Shenzhen, China installed a CTBUH Signboard recognizing its incorporation of the “World’s Highest Concert Hall.”
12 December 2018
The astronomical growth in tall building construction observed over the past decade continued in 2018, though the total number of completed buildings of 200 meters’ or greater height leveled off at 143, after hitting an all-time record of 147 in 2017.
13 October 2016
The Council is pleased to announce the Top Company Rankings for numerous disciplines as derived from the list of projects appearing in 100 of the World’s Tallest Buildings.
20 January 2016
Plans for the 2016 CTBUH Conference are now well underway, beginning with initial meetings of the Conference Steering Committee in all three cities.
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