Height rank
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Metrics
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Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or function of the highest element (i.e., including antennae, flagpoles, signage and other functional-technical equipment).
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the highest occupied floor within the building.
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
Above Ground
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
Below Ground
The number of floors below ground should include all major floors located below the ground floor level.
Official Name
The current legal building name.
Other Names
Other names the building has commonly been known as, including former names, common informal names, local names, etc.
Name of Complex
A complex is a group of buildings which are designed and built as pieces of a greater development.
Type
CTBUH collects data on two major types of tall structures: 'Buildings' and 'Telecommunications / Observation Towers.' A 'Building' is a structure where at least 50% of the height is occupied by usable floor area. A 'Telecommunications / Observation Tower' is a structure where less than 50% of the structure's height is occupied by usable floor area. Only 'Buildings' are eligible for the CTBUH 'Tallest Buildings' lists.
Status
Country
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of Country, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
City
The CTBUH follows the United Nations's definition of City, and thus uses the lists and codes established by that organization.
Address
Postal Code
Function
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85% or more of its usable floor area is dedicated to a single usage. Thus a building with 90% office floor area would be said to be an "office" building, irrespective of other minor functions it may also contain.
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (or uses), where each of the functions occupy a significant proportion of the tower's total space. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on CTBUH "Tallest Building" lists in descending order, e.g., "hotel/office" indicates hotel function above office function.
Structural Material
Steel
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from steel. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered a “steel” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.
Reinforced Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars.
Precast Concrete
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning system are constructed from steel reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and assembled together on-site.
Mixed-Structure
Utilizes distinct systems (e.g. steel, concrete, timber), one on top of the other. For example, a steel/concrete indicates a steel structural system located on top of a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of concrete/steel.
Composite
A combination of materials (e.g. steel, concrete, timber) are used together in the main structural elements. Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor system of reinforced concrete beams; a steel frame system with a concrete core; concrete-encased steel columns; concrete-filled steel tubes; etc. Where known, the CTBUH database breaks out the materials used in a composite building’s core, columns, and floor spanning separately.
Height
Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the "World's Tallest Buildings."
Floors Above Ground
The number of floors above ground should include the ground floor level and be the number of main floors above ground, including any significant mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong).
Floors Below Ground
The number of floors below ground should include all major floors located below the ground floor level.
# of Parking Spaces
Number of Parking Spaces refers to the total number of car parking spaces contained within a particular building.
# of Elevators
Number of Elevators refers to the total number of elevator cars (not shafts) contained within a particular building (including public, private and freight elevators).
Tower GFA
Tower GFA refers to the total gross floor area within the tower footprint, not including adjoining podiums, connected buildings or other towers within the development.
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By function
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By material
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Proposed
Construction Start
Completed
Owner/Developer
Architect
MEP Engineer
Fire
Landscape
Life Safety
Vertical Transportation
Wind
Elevator
Formwork
Paint/Coating
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Owner/Developer
Architect
Peter Chan Architect
Structural Engineer
Louie International
EDP Consulting Group Sdn/Bdh
MEP Engineer
Primetech Engineers Sdn. Bhd.
Artist
Gallery Simon (Jooh Yun Kim); Massimo Del Chiaro
Energy Concept
Exergy
Fire
Geotechnical
Geo Optima, Inc
Landscape
SWA Group; INSITE Landscape Architects
Life Safety
Lighting
Sirius Lighting Office
Quantity Surveyor
PCM Kos Perunding Sdn. Bhd.
Sustainability
Exergy
Vertical Transportation
Way Finding
Landor Associates
Wind
Aluminium
Euro Facade Tech
Ceiling
Linder GmbH; Armstrong Ceiling Solutions
Cladding
DDG Glass; Saint-Gobain Glass Facade
Concrete
Buildcon Concrete Sdn Bhd
Elevator
Façade Maintenance Equipment
DEMAG
Fire Proofing
Isolatek International
Flooring
NS Bluescope Lysaght Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Formwork
Foundation Equipment
Sinohydro Corporation (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd
HVAC
Trane
Paint/Coating
Axalta Powder Coating Systems (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd; Jotun
CTBUH Awards & Distinctions
Best Tall Building 400 meters and above
2021
Award of Excellence
2021 CTBUH Awards
MEP Engineering Award
2021
Award of Excellence
2021 CTBUH Awards
Research
20 March 2020
Providing a global overview of tall building development, design and construction, the CTBUH Awards Program and related Tall + Urban Innovation Conference annually survey projects,...
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Research
20 March 2020
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20 March 2020
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This research paper undertakes a review of the 2012 report by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, “Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the...
Global News
23 October 2019 | Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia’s next supertall building will be ready to take in tenants in December 2019, its developer said on October 23, 2019, as backers look to...
23 August 2019 | Kuala Lumpur
The Petronas Twin Towers, may lose its title as Malaysia’s tallest building(s), when The Exchange 106 and Menara PNB 118 are completed in Kuala Lumpur....
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